Source: Ministry of Defense of Ukraine
Artillery in the Soviet Army is said to have earned the label the “God of War” from Iosef Stalin in a speech he gave some time in 1944. Even the U.S. Army's artillery branch considers itself the “King of Battle”. In the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War, the undisputed “king” of artillery is shown here, the 2S7 Pion (“Peony”) 203mm self-propelled gun (seen here in service with the 43rd. Artillery Brigade “Taras Triasylo”). The 203mm 2A44 gun is one of the most powerful pieces of artillery currently in operational service in the world while the 2S7 itself is the largest self-propelled gun in theater. Both belligerents in the conflict operate the 2S7 with Russia also using the upgraded 2S7M Malka. Ukraine only operates the 2S7 because the 2S7M is exclusively a Russian modernization. Originally known in the West as the M1975, the 2S7 started full service with the Soviet Army in 1976 with production of the 2S7 ending in 1990. Sources differ on how many 2S7 rolled off the line but it ranges as few as 250 all the way up to 1,000.
The 51-ton 2S7 is built upon a chassis (designated originally as Obiekt 216) that makes use of T-80 tank components and for an engine, it utilizes a V-46-1 turbocharged, liquid-cooled V-12 diesel motor that develops 840 horsepower. The engine is paired to a manual transmission with an 8-speed gearbox. The top road speed of the 2S7 is 32 miles per hour and enough fuel is carried to provide a maximum cruise range of no more than 404 miles.
The heart of the 2S7 is its 2A44 203mm L/56 gun. With a weight of 8 tons, the barrel sits in a hydraulically powered cradle which permits a maximum of 60 degrees of elevation down to 0 degrees. The gun can be traversed 15 degrees to the left or right of center but any more requires the entire vehicle to turn. The 2A44 uses a 2-cycle screw-type breech. As the photograph shows, there is no gun shield to protect the crew when in operation. Speaking of crew, the 2S7 carries seven men (commander, driver, gunner, and the remaining being loaders) while another vehicle (typically carrying additional ammunition) contains another seven men who assist with transferring ammunition to the 2S7 when in action. The loaders are provided with a powered ammunition handling system that includes a rammer. This is positioned on the right rear of the vehicle. In the photograph, the soldier by the gun's breech is standing in the control platform for the system. The 2S7 only carries four rounds of ready ammunition which is the reason it is accompanied by a vehicle with additional projectiles and powder bags. A skilled crew, using the ammunition handling system, can maintain a rate of fire of 1.5 to 2 rounds a minute. The 2A44 barrel has a service life of 450 rounds before it should be replaced. If need be, the 2S7 can be loaded manually though the rate of fire is far less.
The gunner is seated on the left side, also near the breech, but lower than the loader's station. At his position, he uses a PG-1M panoramic telescope to sight the gun for indirect fire and also has a K-1 collimator at his disposal. If forced to engage in direct fire, the gunner has a OP4M-87 telescope to aim with. The basic round for the 2S7 is the ZOF 43 HE-FRAG (High-Explosive Fragmentation) and the 2S7 can lob this 243 pound projectile to a maximum range of 23 miles. However, the Ukrainians have shot about all of their Soviet made ammunition and so most Ukrainian 2S7s are firing U.S. M106 HE projectiles that were used by the M110 8” self-propelled howitzer (which was retired in U.S. service in 1994). If provided with a RAP (Rocket Assisted Projectile), the 2S7 can achieve a range of 29 miles though this projectile is much lighter at 227 pounds. The 2A44 uses a pneumatic recuperator and has hydraulic recoil brakes. To help absorb recoil and assist with stabilization, a spade at the rear of the 2S7 is deployed. Due to the massive concussive shock wave when the gun fires, the 2S7 has a siren that sends out warning tones for five seconds before the gun fires. This gives soldiers near the 2S7 that do not have hearing protection or are near the muzzle area to protect their ears and/or get clear of the muzzle. A trained crew can have the 2S7 in action, from the halt, within 6 minutes and can have the 2S7 in traveling order within 5 minutes.
The chassis of the 2S7 supports only 10mm of welded steel armor and this protects the cab, crew compartment, and other hull components such as the engine. This is only proof against some small arms calibers and artillery shell splinters. In the forward cab sits the commander, driver, and the gunner and the front windows can be covered with armored shutters. There are two cab roof hatches and the commander and driver have periscopes for vision when “buttoned up”. Behind the cab is the engine then behind that, a crew compartment where the loaders ride in with access by two hull top hatches. There is a overpressure-type NBC (Nuclear Biological Chemical) system along with anti-radiation liners for the cab and crew compartment along with a heater system for cold weather operations and crew comfort. To power systems with the engine off, the 2S7 has a 24-horsepower 9R4-6U2 APU (Auxiliary Power Unit). For communications, the 2S7 uses the R-123M and R-173 radio systems and a 1V116 crew intercom system.
The 2S7 has no defensive armament outside of small arms carried by the crew though the 2S7 usually carries one to two 9K32 Strela-2 (NATO reporting name SA-7 Grail) MANPADS (Man Portable Air Defense System) to defend against aerial attack.
The 2S7M Malka (a species of corydalis flower found in the Caucasus) appeared in 1983 with the main modifications being the ability to carry 8 rounds of ready ammunition, an improved ammunition handling system which can permit a sustained rate of fire up to 2.5 rounds per minute, usage of the V-84-B multi-fuel engine (which provided for more cruise range), updated R-173 radio systems, digital fire control system, and a reduction in crew to six.
To date (April 7, 2025), the Russians have lost thirty-two 2S7/2S7M vehicles while the Ukrainians have lost thirteen 2S7 vehicles.
