Russo-Ukrainian War: The PG-7VT Tandem-Charge HEAT Grenade

Source: Ministry of Defense of Ukraine

     A previous posting discussed the ubiquitous RPG-7 to include how it works and one of the numerous rockets that it can use, the 70mm PUI-7 practice rocket. To view that post, point your browser here:

https://photosofmilitaryhistory.blogspot.com/2025/07/russo-ukrainian-war-rpg-7.html

     The rocket shown here, in the hands of a soldier of the 43rd. Mechanized Brigade, is the most lethal to any tank on the battlefields of the Russo-Ukrainian War. The Bulgarian produced 93mm PG-7VT is a very long rocket as clearly evidenced here, having a total length of 3.7 feet long with a weight of 7 pounds. The cause of the rocket's length it what gives it its lethality: a tandem-charge warhead.

     At the very front of the rocket is a smaller, 40mm HEAT (High-Explosive Anti-Tank) warhead. Within this small warhead is a OKFOL explosive shaped charge with a piezoelectric crystal equipped VP-22 fuze. This type of fuze is often used with HEAT munitions due to its robustness and simplicity. When the warhead strikes the target, the crystal undergoes mechanical stress which in turn causes crystal deformity which then releases an electric charge. This discharge then triggers the detonator on the explosive charge.

     In the case of the PG-7VT, the small warhead will strike explosive reactive armor (ERA) which is commonly found on Soviet-era and Russian tanks. Examples include Kontakt-1, Kontakt-5, and Relikt. All three types of ERA can be seen on Russian and Ukrainian tanks and in the case of Western tanks being utilized by the Ukrainian Army, many have been fitted with Kontakt-1 (the most common) and Kontakt-5 blocks. Upon hitting a ERA block, the warhead's impact will cause the explosive within the block to detonate, creating a blast traveling outwards, away from the tank. With HEAT munitions, the outward pressure wave of the block's detonation deforms the plasma jet formed by the shaped charge to the point that the tank's armor itself will not be penetrated by the warhead.

     Except, in the case of the PG-7VT, there is a 93mm HEAT warhead coming right behind the small one. With the ERA cleared away by the first charge, the larger OKFOL filled warhead can detonate against the tank's actual armor. The second charge also uses the same fuze type as the first but adds IIF (Impact, Inertia, Fired). IIF combines impact and inertial resistance to trigger the warhead and this feature is a safety measure from accidental detonation. Capable of penetrating a minimum of 500mm of rolled homogeneous armor (RHA), the PG-7VT can defeat just about every tank it would meet on the Russo-Ukrainian War's combat zones. About the only tanks that could survive, from a frontal hit, is the M1A1 Abrams and FV4034 Challenger II which the Ukrainian Army fields. The Russian Army's latest tank, the T-14 Armata, is also capable of shrugging off the PG-7VT but to date, not a single T-14 has ever been deployed to Ukraine. If the PG-7VT is fired at a tank without ERA or hits a location not protected by ERA, the penetration is no less than 500mm of RHA.

     It should be noted that this tank killing capability comes at a cost. The maximum effective range of the PG-7VT is a minuscule 300 meters with the optimal range being no more than 220 meters. In open terrain (which a good bit of Ukraine's battlefields are), effecting a hit against enemy armor means getting suicidally close. If firing from a trench in the defense, it means letting enemy armor get uncomfortably close. However, if the combat is in built up urban areas (such as in villages, towns, or small cities), the opportunity to get close enough to enemy tanks without being spotted are far higher and effecting escape after firing (as the backblast will betray the firer's location) is also higher. This is one reason tank troops do not like entering urban areas without infantry support.

     The PG-7VT can also be used against targets other than tanks. If firing at a building composed of bricks or construction masonry, the rocket can drill through around 65 inches of block. If used against reinforced concrete, penetration drops to 49 inches. If used against improvised trench works consisting of logs, sandbags, and dirt fortifications, the PG-7VT can make short work of such defenses with a penetration of 10 feet.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The RPG-7

Source: Ministry of Defense of Ukraine

     Of all the anti-tank weapons currently in use in the world, only one can claim to be the most widely deployed. That weapon is the RPG-7. Standing for Ruchnoy Protivotankovy Granatomyot, meaning Hand-Held Antitank Grenade Launcher, the RPG-7 can be found in the arsenals of some 40 countries and in the hands of irregular forces, militants, and private military contractors (PMCs). It is believed well over 9 million RPG-7 weapons (of all types and variants) have been built. None of the successors to the RPG-7 have come close to its production numbers and so on military arms markets, there are plenty of RPG-7 models to be had as well as large stockpiles of rocket ammunition. As such, for countries aiding Ukraine militarily, supplying the RPG-7 and ammunition is inexpensive and requires little training by Ukrainian soldiers as many of them are already familiar with the weapon. The RPG-7 is the successor to the RPG-2, the latter first entering service in 1954 and the RPG-7 appearing in the hands of Soviet soldiers starting in 1961.

     The RPG-7 shown here in the hands of a soldier belonging to the 25th. Airborne Brigade “Sicheslav” has a weight of 14 pounds (unloaded) and a length of 3.1 feet without the rocket. The RPG-7 is primarily made of steel while the back portion of the launcher has wooden furniture added to protect the firer's shoulder from the heat generated in the launch tube by the rocket upon firing. Typically, the RPG-7 is equipped with a PGO-7 optical sight (with 2.7x magnification) but here, the soldier is using only the iron sights. Using the iron sights, which have no adjustment for wind or target lead, means the effective range is limited to between 200 meters to at most 500 meters.

     The RPG-7 is not a single-shot weapon and can be reloaded. While some early anti-tank weapons were electrically fired (using batteries as the power source), the RPG-7 uses a primer system. This eliminates the need for batteries and thus there is no risk of running out of power, rendering the weapon useless. As such, directly behind the front grip/trigger assembly is a single-action hammer which, when the firer pulls the trigger, releases the hammer to strike upwards onto the firing pin which then sets off the primer contained in the rocket.

     Speaking of rockets, the one seen in use here is a 70mm PUI-7 practice rocket which provides a much reduced training cost in comparison to using combat munitions. The PUI-7 has no warhead and it also does not have the rocket motor and so the nozzles, seen forward of the front sight, are closed off. It does, however, have the booster charge attached to the rear of the rocket. It is this charge that propels the rocket out of the launch tube. In a combat munition, once the rocket reaches around 5 meters distance from the launcher, the rocket motor would take over and propel the warhead towards the target and, in some cases, impart stabilizing spin while in flight. The latter occurs if the rocket doesn't utilize pop-out stabilizing fins.

     Within the PUI-7's booster charge is a 7.62x39mm tracer rifle cartridge and primer and the PUI-7 also comes with a safety cap on the tip of the warhead. On a combat RPG-7 rocket, this cap protects the impact fuze from accidental detonation. With the PUI-7 rocket, the cap is still used despite having no fuze in order to train the operator in proper procedures for readying the rocket for use. The firing process is exactly the same as with any other rocket and upon pulling the trigger, the firing pin strikes the primer and launches the PUI-7 down range. The tracer element assists in watching the flight of the rocket and the maximum range is 400 meters.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The ATGL-L RPG

Source: Ministry of Defense of Ukraine

     Bulgaria, as part of their military aid packages to Ukraine, had sent a undisclosed number of ATGL-L RPGs (Anti-Tank Grenade Launcher – Light Rocket Propelled Grenade) in November 2022. The ATGL-L is the Bulgarian version of the Soviet RPG-7 and it is produced by JSC Arsenal AD. The ATGL-L is offered in a number of variants but this soldier of the 154th. Mechanized Brigade is using the original ATGL-L as identified by the marking on the trigger grip. The photograph was taken in January 2025 (though the image has been censored to prevent geolocation).

     The ATGL-L is slightly lighter than the RPG-7, having a weight (with PGO-7V sight) of 14 pounds compared to the 15 pounds of a RPG-7 with the same sight. The ATGL-L, in addition to the PGO-7V sight, can utilize the MGO-7V optical sight or a red dot reflex sight. Here, the firer is using the standard iron post front sight with the graduated rear sight. By using the iron sights, the effective range is approximately 200 meters and this is the maximum graduation on the rear sight. Hence, when able, sights are fitted. With the PGO-7V sight, the effective range increases to 500 meters.

     A 40mm caliber weapon, the ATGL-L fires a oversize 73mm grenade. From appearances, the grenade in the photograph is a RHEAT-7MA2. This has an effective range of 300 meters which is slightly less than the similar 85mm PG-7V grenade's 330 meter effective range when fired from the RPG-7. The RHEAT-7MA2 can penetrate 300mm of rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) in comparison to the 260mm penetration of the PG-7V.

     The RHEAT-7MA2 grenade uses a CP-71 booster charge and it is this which launches the grenade out of the ATGL-L's tube. At about 10 meters from the firer and after the stabilizing fins have extended, the grenade's SM-73 sustainer motor is triggered and it is this which propels the grenade towards the target. The RHEAT-7MA2 uses a piezoelectric AF78 fuze. While the ATGL-L can be completely operated by one man, usually there are two men with the second man carrying additional grenades. Thus, with a trained team, a rate of fire of 4 to 6 grenades is possible.

    As a note, it is known that the Bulgarian RTB-7MA thermobaric grenade (also made by JSC Arsenal AD) is in use by Ukrainian forces, typically fired from the ATGL-L but the grenade is compatible with any RPG-7 or RPG-7 clone.

     The gas mask appears to be an Israeli M-15 which some 1,000 of which were donated to Ukraine by Israel in the summer of 2022. Censors have obscured the label on the filter so it isn't possible to see the type and/or manufacturer.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The VMZ Bullspike-AT RPG

Photograph via the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine.

     A soldier of the 67th. Mechanized Brigade on the training range with a Bullspike-AT anti-tank rocket launcher. Designed and built by the Bulgarian company Vazovski Mashinostroitelni Zavodi (VMZ), the country of Bulgaria provided a unknown number of Bullspike-AT weapons in the summer of 2022.

     The Bullspike is a modernization of the Soviet RPG-22 Netto (which entered service in 1985) with VMZ making some slight improvements. The Bullspike launches the 72.5mm PG-22 rocket propelled anti-tank grenade but whereas the original RPG-22 grenade has a maximum range of 250 meters, the Bullspike can attain 500 meters. Still, the effective range is much the same as the RPG-22, being between 150 to 200 meters. Penetration is also the same as the RPG-22 with a maximum armor penetration of 400mm. Another VMZ upgrade is the pop-up sight which is graduated out to 350 meters. By comparison, the RPG-22 is graduated only to 250 meters. The Bullspike is heavier than the RPG-22, being 7.7 pounds while the RPG-22 is 6.2 pounds. Finally, the deployment time for the Bullspike is between 8 to 10 seconds which is about the same time for the RPG-22.

     As a side note, there are two additional variants of the Bullspike. The first is the Bullspike-TB which fires the TB-22M thermobaric grenade and the second is the Bullspike-AP which uses the OG-22M fragmentation grenade. In all cases, the launch tube is the same but what type of grenade is within is designated by a stencil on the rear of the tube. For the Bullspike-AT, it is a black stencil of “AT”, for the Bullspike-TB, it is a red stencil of “TB”, and for the Bullspike-AP, it is a white stencil of “AP”.

     Of interest, the soldier is wearing a current issue Bundeswehr “Flecktarn” camouflage jacket. Germany, as part of its military aid to Ukraine, has provided thousands of German Flecktarn uniforms, jackets, and cold weather uniforms. As such, it is not too unusual to find Bundeswehr uniform items being worn by Ukrainian troops.

The 84mm Carl Gustav M2: Swedish Anti-Tank Weapon Success

      In 1946, Hugo Abramson and Harald Jentzen of the Kungliga Arméförvaltningens Tygavdelning (Royal Swedish Arms Administration) developed the Carl Gustaf M1 recoilless rifle to replace the existing Pansarvärnsgevär m/42 20mm recoilless rifle that had entered service in 1942. The M1 was far larger at 84mm and rather than use fins to stabilize the rounds, the barrel was rifled to impart spin on the round for stabilization. Taken into Swedish military service in 1948, the M1 (designated the 8,4 cm Granatgevär m/48 in Swedish service) enjoyed a longer, more accurate range thanks to more propellant in the ammunition. The only drawback was a low flight speed of the round that limited the effective range against moving targets. Despite this, the M1 enjoyed export sales to a number of countries.

     In 1964, the M1 was improved by making the design both lighter and shorter. Designated the Carl Gustaf M2, it rapidly replaced the M1 in Swedish service. It is the M2 that is being utilized in this photograph of two German Bundeswehr gebirgsjäger (mountain troops) training with the weapon sometime in the late 1960s or very early 1970s. Germany was one of the customers of the M2 (under the designation Leuchtbüchse 84mm), purchasing a large number of them to supplement the Panzerfaust 44mm DM2 “Lanze” anti-tank weapon that had entered service in 1963.

     The M2 is 3.8 feet long and has a empty weight of 31.3 pounds. It does have a protective carry case for transportation but this adds a further 33.7 pounds to the carry weight. The rifled tube ends in a rear-mounted, up-rotating venturi, seen behind the firer's head. While the M2 could be operated by a single soldier, the M2 is more often served by a two man crew. The loader is making ready the M2's High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT) round which is characterized by the stand-off probe on the front. However, in this case, the ammunition appears to be a inert training round given the wear of the paint on the warhead (from being reused over and over) and that the cartridge case appears to be missing. The firer is provided with a monopod which can be seen just in front of the firer's chin. This monopod can be moved to the front of the tube if desired. For sighting, the M2 uses a simple open sight or, as seen here, a X2 telescopic sight with a 17 degree field of vision. The scope sight does allow for the firer to compensate for environmental temperature which can effect the round. The M2 can be fired from the shoulder, fitted to a vehicle mount, or fired from the prone position which is what we see in the photograph. Once the loader inserts a round into the tube, he must then close and lock the venturi. If the venturi is not locked, the M2 cannot fire. The firer disengages the safety catch and has a two-pressure trigger to fire the round. The mechanical firing mechanism consists of a hand-cocked, percussion-operated detonator. Typically, the loader carries a total of four rounds.

     The standard HEAT round (FFV551) has an effective range of 400 meters (1,312 feet) against moving targets and 500 meters (1,640 feet) against stationary targets. The HEAT round is capable of penetrating up to 400mm of armor plate. The M2 can also fire high-explosive (FFV441) and smoke (FFV469) rounds out to 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) in addition to a illumination round (FFV545) out to 2,000 meters (6,561 feet). The average muzzle velocity is 1,148 feet per second. A well trained crew can fire six rounds every minute.

     The rounds consist of the warhead and a cartridge case, the case closed by a plastic disc. When fired, the propellant's detonation creates gas pressure in the cartridge case that starts the warhead out of the tube. The pressure then ruptures the plastic disc which vents the gas out the venturi. The mass and velocity of the exiting round, combined with the rearward ejected mass and velocity of the escaping gas cancels out the recoil forces on the M2. Of course, this makes being behind the M2 highly dangerous out to 30 meters (98 feet) and even out to 75 meters (246 feet), the shock wave caused by the back blast can result in injury to the unwary or unprepared.

     The M2 was later updated to the M2-550 which incorporated the FFV555 telescopic sight which includes a drum-operated coincidence range finder. The sight also includes a selector switch that automatically adjusts the aiming to account for the different rounds the M2-550 can fire. Once the range and round selection is set, light pulses within the sight assist the firer with the correct lead on the target to score a successful hit. The HEAT round for the M2-550 was also improved by fitting it with fins for in-flight stabilization, a rocket motor to boost range, and a Teflon slip-ring to reduce the spin effect of the tube rifling on the round thereby improving the performance of the HEAT warhead. This boosted the effective range of the round out to a maximum of 700 meters (2,296 feet).

     The German Bundeswehr replaced the M2 with the Panzerfaust 3 recoilless anti-tank weapon in 1987 but still maintains a small stock of the M2 for the sole purpose of battlefield illumination. However, the M2 (along with the improved M3 and M4 models) still see front-line use with some 44 countries, a true validation of the success of the Swedish built weapon.

Primary Sources:

Bishop, Chris and Drury, Ian The Encyclopedia of World Military Weapons (New York: Crescent Books, 1988)

Hogg, Ian V. Infantry Support Weapons (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1995)

Owen, J.I.H. Brassey's Infantry Weapons of the World (New York: Bonanza Books, 1975)

7.5cm Panzerabwehrkanone 50: Same Punch, Smaller Package

(Author's Collection)

     One of the lesser known German anti-tank guns is this, the 7.5cm Panzerabwehrkanone 50 (PaK 50). The intent of the PaK 50 was to create a smaller, lighter, and more portable version of the potent 7.5cm PaK 40 anti-tank gun and development of this new gun started late in 1943. To achieve this, the 11 foot 4 inch long barrel of the PaK 40 was cut down to 7 feet 4 inches long. Fitted to the end of the barrel was a large muzzle brake of which the PaK 50 in the photograph has five baffles but another prototype featured only three baffles. The purpose of a muzzle brake is to redirect propellant gasses in order to counter recoil forces and in some cases, reduce muzzle rise. In the case of the PaK 50, the baffles were angled to the sides and back which is designed to vent the gasses to the rear and thus pull the gun forward, reducing recoil forces. A drawback to this design is that the gasses are shunted back towards the gun crew and the blast can kick up dirt and debris. This can obscure the gunner's vision as well as expose the firing position of the gun. As a countermeasure to this, when able, some anti-tank gun crews wet the ground around the gun to reduce the amount of dust and debris that is stirred up after firing. The shortened barrel was fitted to the same recoil mechanism as the PaK 40, thus simplifying production. Another feature of the PaK 50 meant to ease production was the usage of the same split-trail, wheeled carriage as the 5cm PaK 38 anti-tank gun. The gun was loaded via a semi-automatic horizontal sliding block breech which meant that after firing, the breech opened, ejected the shell casing, and remained open to permit the loading of a new round. To protect the gun crew, a two-layer gun shield was used in which a gap existed between the front shield plate and the back plate. This was a type of spaced armor that reduced the penetrating power of small arm bullets. Bullets tend to deform, deflect, or tumble after piercing armor plate and thus as the round passed through the space, it may no longer have had the velocity or direction to punch through the second plate. The gun had a maximum depression of -8 degrees to a maximum elevation of 27 degrees. For traverse, the gun could be swung in a 65 degree arc before it was required to move the entire gun if further traverse was needed. What ammunition the PaK 50 used remains unknown to this day as the gun was never listed on German wartime ammunition tables. It is believed the PaK 50 would have had the approximate performance of the larger PaK 40 and so firing Panzergranate 39 (PzGr. 39) armor-piercing ammunition, the PaK 50 could penetrate around 64mm of armor at a 30 degree slope at 1,500 meters. Firing the PzGr. 40 armor-piercing, composite rigid (APCR) round, penetration was 77mm at the same armor slope and range. Finally, the PzGr. 38 HL/B high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) round could penetrate 75mm of armor at the same slope and range. It is believed, however, that the AP and APCR rounds would not have been as effective (if at all) in the PaK 50 and the primary ammunition would have been the HEAT round. But, again, what the true performance of the PaK 50 was remains unknown. While the PaK 50 was more easily concealed thanks to its low height and more compact size, the combat weight of the weapon was 2,425 pounds and so it was by no means a light gun. Still, it was a weight savings in comparison to the PaK 40's combat weight of 3,142 pounds.

     Source depending, the PaK 50 either was or was not deployed into combat. The prototype PaK 50 guns appeared in the summer of 1944 and it is said that after trials, the PaK 50 was approved for production. There are reports that a few hundred PaK 50 were built between the remainder of 1944 and into the spring of 1945 and were issued to anti-tank troops but this has not been verified. Other sources cite that because no ammunition data existed, the PaK 50 guns which were built remained prototypes and none of them saw service. Today, not a single PaK 50 remains and the only known photographs show the guns on trial and the handful of examples captured by the U.S. after the war (of which this photograph is one of the captured PaK 50).

Primary Sources:

Hogg, Ian V. German Artillery of World War Two (Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books, 1997)

Lüdeke, Alexander German Heavy Artillery Guns 1933-1945 (South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2015)