Russo-Ukrainian War: The M114A1 155mm Howitzer

Source: Anatolii Stepanov (Reuters)

     Artillery units of the Ukrainian Army are fielding two artillery pieces whose service debut occured during World War Two. The first is the M101A1 105mm howitzer which first entered service with the U.S. Army in 1941. Lithuania, Portugal, and Slovenia have provided Ukraine with a combined total of 43 M101A1 howitzers between 2022 and 2024. The second is shown in action here in service with the 152nd. Jäger Brigade, the M114A1 155mm howitzer. The M114A1 first saw service with the U.S. Army in 1942 and despite the age, 21 countries still use the M114A1 with Turkey and Greece maintaining the largest stocks. In fact, the M114A1 shown in the photograph is a former Hellenic Army weapon. In early 2024, Greece and the Czech Republic entered into an agreement where the Czech Republic would purchase 70 M114A1 howitzers which were surplus to the Hellenic Army's needs. Upon completion of the sale, Greece will deliver the M114A1s to Ukraine. From appearances, this sale has completed but how many of the purchase have been delivered to date is not known.

     Captured by the cameraman in full recoil, the M114A1's barrel is 12.5 feet long and it uses a slow-cone, interrupted screw breech. This means that it takes two actions on the part of the gunner to open the breech rather then one action for a steep-cone type. The combat weight of the M114A1 is 5.6 tons and requires a crew of 11 men though operating the howitzer can be done with less crew if necessary. The M1A2 carriage is a split trail style and the gun mount permits a maximum barrel elevation of 63 degrees and in the right conditions, a maximum gun depression of 2 degrees. Traverse is limited to 25 degrees to the left and right of center. Elevation, depression, and traverse is all affected manually using cranks. Any additional traverse requires the entire howitzer to be repositioned. The only recoil reduction comes from the hydro-pneumatic mechanism as the M114A1 does not use a muzzle brake. The crew is provided with a minimal gun shield that offers a limited defense against some small arms fire and shell fragments.

     Despite the breech type, a trained crew can run 4 rounds through the M114A1 during burst firing. A sustained fire rate is 1 round every minute but not exceeding 40 rounds per hour. As a comparison, the M777 155mm howitzer, which entered U.S. Army service in 2005 and is in use by some Ukrainian artillery units, can maintain a sustained fire rate of between 2 to 4 rounds every minute and a burst fire of no more than 16 rounds in 2 minutes. Sighting is done using a M12 panoramic telescope.

     It is not known if the Ukrainian M114A1 howitzers will be firing RAP (Rocket Assisted Projectiles) munitions (on the assumption the venerable howitzer is not designed to withstand the breech pressures) and it certainly is not compatible with the M982 Excalibur guided projectile. It is unlikely that extended-range projectiles using base-bleed would be fired from the M114A1 and instead, would be reserved for more modern systems such as the M777. This, then, leaves the M107 HE (High-Explosive) projectile as the most likely ammunition to be issued to and used by M114A1 crews. The M107 has a weight of 90 pounds of which 15 pounds is composed of TNT. The ammunition is two-part, consisting of the M107 projectile and the propelling charge. The maximum charge, the M4A1, contains a base charge and four incremental charges. This collection of propellent powder weighs just under 14 pounds. Using the M4A1 charge, the M114A1 can fire the M107 shell out to a maximum range of 9.2 miles. As another comparison, the M777 can fire the same M107 shell to a maximum range of 13 miles. Against hard targets, a M107 shell fired from the M114A1 can penetrate a maximum of 488mm of concrete at a meet angle of 0 degrees at a range of 2.8 miles.

     To date, no Ukrainian M114A1 has been lost in action. The photograph was taken on October 15, 2025, the crew firing on Russian positions near Pokrovsk, Donetsk Oblast.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The FN MAG General-Purpose Machine Gun

Source: @inukraine.official on Instagram

     Somewhere above Ukrainian held territory, a Mil Mi-8 (NATO reporting name Hip) helicopter of the Ukrainian Army Aviation branch prepares to engage a Russian Geran-2 loitering munition. The Mi-8 has two door gun positions. The first is seen here, situated on the left side of the fuselage, behind the cockpit. A second position is in the rear of the fuselage, firing out from a opening in the right hand clamshell cargo door. Normally, the 7.62mm PK machine-gun would have been the standard defensive weapon but here, the gunner has elected to use a 7.62x51mm FN MAG machine-gun. Countries that have sent FN MAG machine-guns to Ukraine include Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The gunner's FN MAG looks to have been one provided to Ukraine by France. The FN MAG, the original developed and built by the Belgian arms manufacturer FN Herstal, entered service in 1958 and today, it is deployed by dozens of countries. Several countries license build the FN MAG and they are the United Kingdom (as the L7A1), Canada (as the C6), Indonesia (as the SM2), Sweden (as the Kulspruta 58), and the United States (as the M240).

     The FN MAG is, as mentioned, chambered for the 7.62x51mm NATO cartridge, and it uses a gas operated, long-stroke bolt action which fires from an open bolt. The rate of fire varies from 650 rounds per minute up to 1,000 rounds per minute. This variance is created by the gunner adjusting the gas valve which permits him to accommodate various cartridge loadings, to overcome barrel fouling, and modify the rate of fire to suit the target being engaged. The empty weight of the FN MAG is 26 pounds though this particular FN MAG uses a polymer plastic buttstock that lightens the mass to a small degree. The FN MAG feeds from the left, ammunition being held in either the M13 disintegrating link belt or the non-disintegrating DM1 belt. Each belt holds 50 rounds and belts can be connected to create longer ones. A quick-change barrel allows for rapid switching in case of barrel failure or to allow a barrel to cool after prolonged sustained fire. When firing from a bipod, the effective range of the FN MAG is .5 of a mile (800 meters) but if using a tripod, the effective range increases to 1.1 miles. The maximum range of the round is 2.1 miles.

     The regular sights of the FN MAG consists of a front blade sight and a rear mounted folding leaf sight with both an aperture and a notch. As this example of the FN MAG is fitted with a Picatinny rail, the gunner has added what looks to be a Thermion 2 thermal imager rifle scope made by the Lithuanian based company Pulsar. The Thermion 2 series is offered in two objective lens sizes: F35 and F50. The Thermion 2 uses a AMOLED (Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode) display with a magnification ranging between 2.5X up to 12X depending on the model. Other features of the Thermion 2 scope series include Wi-Fi for connecting to smartphones (the thermal imager can be operated from a compatible smartphone), reticle style customization, color options for the reticle and display, photograph and video recording (16 GB of internal memory storage), and IPX7 (Level 7) waterproofing. This means the scope can be fully submerged in water up to a depth of 3.2 feet for no longer than 30 minutes without permanent damage. Detection range is between .8 of a mile up to 1.1 miles for the larger model. The FN MAG has a brass catcher bag fitted to collect ejected empty cartridges so that they do not roll around the floor of the compartment, causing a slip hazard for the crew. 

     As it turned out, the gunner was able to successfully engage the Geran-2, shooting it down where the drone crashed into a copse of trees before exploding when its warhead detonated.

Messerschmitt Me 163B V13: Abandoned in Pölzen

Source: U.S. Army Signal Corps

     Found by troops of Combat Command A, 9th. Armored Division, 1st. U.S. Army in April 1945 was the remains of Messerschmitt Me 163B V13, Werk Nummer (W.Nr.) 10022, fuselage code VD+EV. The location was a airfield hangar in Pölzen, Germany located to the northeast of Leipzig. While the men of Combat Command A likely did not know it at the time they came across the ruins of the aircraft, the V13 had been the start of the further development of the Me 163 rocket fighter that ultimately culminated in the Messerschmitt Me 263 (also designated as the Junkers Ju 248).

     One of the most serious problems with the Me 163B rocket interceptor was the ravenous consumption the Walther HWK 509 A-2 bi-fuel rocket motor had for the reactant propellants, T-Stoff and C-Stoff. Once the Me 163B achieved operating altitude, the aircraft had only 2.5 minutes worth of powered flight left before the tanks ran dry. Typically, given the volatile and explosive nature of the fuels, pilots would often exhaust the entire fuel supply rather than risk having fuel onboard while in combat, let alone coming to a landing which risked causing a detonation if the touchdown was rough. In combat operations, it meant that the range of the Me 163B was severely restricted and unless airfields operating the rocket fighter were near known bomber routes, the Me 163B was more or less impotent. In fact, when U.S. Intelligence determined an airfield was housing a Me 163 unit, they advised U.S. Army Air Force bomber units to simply plot bombing strike avenues to avoid the airfield. Another problem with the Me 163B was that is had no landing gear outside of a central skid. It took off atop a two-wheeled dolly which was then jettisoned once the plane was airborne. Upon landing, it had to be recovered by a special trailer pulled by a three-wheeled tractor called a Scheuschlepper. The V13 was the first step in overcoming the first of these two main concerns with the fighter.

     The V13 was the first to trial a new Walther rocket engine, the HWK 509 C. While the fuels were the same, the biggest difference was the addition of a cruise chamber. The HWK 509 C's main chamber produced 3,750 pounds of thrust but the cruise chamber only provided 660 pounds of thrust. The idea was that for take-off, both chambers would be engaged for a total of 4,410 pounds of thrust. Once the aircraft was at operational altitude, the main chamber would be shut off and the aircraft would fly only on the cruise chamber. As such, the new engine provided up to 6.5 minutes of powered flight before the fuel ran out. The V13 was much the same as the standard Me 163B except that the tail was modified to accommodate the cruise chamber which was to be used in the new development of the aircraft which was then called the Me 163D. The first flight of the V13 took place in December 1943 and the last known flight occurred on May 14, 1944. Two other Me 163B aircraft were part of the Me 163D project and these were the V10 (W.Nr. 10019, fuselage code VD+ES) and the V18 (W.Nr. 10027, fuselage code VA+SP). The V10, having originally been used to test a BMW rocket motor and a revised fuel tank system, was repurposed to trial the tricycle landing gear that was to be used on the Me 163D. The V18 was also refitted with a HWK 509 C engine and on July 6, 1944, pilot Rudolf Opitz took the aircraft up for a calibration flight and the engine was at maximum thrust and as it accelerated, the critical Mach number was exceeded. Opitz cut fuel to the engine which put the V18 into a steep dive Optiz was only able to recover feet from the waters of the Baltic Sea. After landing, the entire rudder was missing and readings taken during the flight showed the V18 had attained a speed of 702mph.

     The results of testing with the V10, V13, and V18 culminated in the Ju 248 which was a nearly complete redesign of the Me 163 fighter. The designation Junkers Ju 248 came into play as work on the project was shifted to Junkers in the spring of 1944 in light of the Messerschmitt company's other development work and production obligations. The name would revert to Me 263 by August of 1944. The new aircraft utilized a new fuselage that incorporated a bubble canopy, retractable landing gear, and a HWK 509 C-4 bi-fuel engine which it was estimated would give the Ju 248 a maximum powered endurance of between 9 to 15 minutes altitude depending. While better than the maximum 7.5 minutes of total powered endurance with the Me 163B, it was not a significant increase overall though the ability to be more mobile on the ground lowered the time it took to for ground crews to turn the aircraft around for another sortie. 

     As it was, the Ju 248 V1 was completed and performed well in unpowered, towed testing but it was never flown under power and ended up captured by the Soviets who shipped it back to Russia for study. The Mikoyan-Gurevich I-270 rocket interceptor, first flown in 1946, drew heavily from the Me 263 but the entire concept of a rocket powered, point interceptor was flawed and the I-270 was abandoned.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The GP-25 "Kostyor" 40mm Grenade Launcher

Source: General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

     A soldier of the 128th. Mountain Assault Brigade “Zakarpattia” trains with a interesting modification of the 40mm GP-25 Kostyor (“Bonfire”) under-barrel grenade launcher. The GP-25, first issued to Soviet Army units in 1978, is designed to be mounted underneath the barrel of AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles along with other compatible AK series weapons. However, as can be seen here, the GP-25 has been fitted with a conversion kit that allows it to be used as a stand-alone grenade launcher.

     Emblazoned on the telescoping stock is the company name Gun Power Nation, the company's logo seen on the front pistol grip mounting bracket. Gun Power Nation, based in Kyiv, Ukraine, sells the conversion kit under SKU number 7297 with a retail cost of $108 U.S. dollars. The kit consists of the stock, forward grip, and the mounting hardware...all of which are made of 7075 aluminium alloy (primary alloying element being zinc) and steel. The weight of the kit is 2 pounds, added to the 3.3 pound weight of the GP-25.

     The GP-25 uses 40x53mm grenades which makes the GP-25 incompatible with U.S. 40x46mm cased grenades. As the 40x53mm grenades do not have a case, when fired, it leaves the GP-25's barrel empty and thus immediately ready for a new grenade. The GP-25 is muzzle loaded and sighting is normally done using a left side-mounted, notched quadrant sight. With a low muzzle velocity of 251 feet per second, the maximum range is no more than 400 meters with an effective range usually being around 150 meters. A trained operator can fire up to 4 grenades every minute.

     The typical grenade is the VOG-25 HE-FRAG (High-Explosive Fragmentation) which has 1.7 ounces of A-IX-1 explosive in the nose. Upon firing, the VOG-25 arms itself by the time it reaches 40 meters downrange and upon detonation, a lethal blast radius of 20 feet is created. The VOG-25 (as well as all the grenades used by the GP-25) is fitted with a fuse that when it reaches between 14 to 19 seconds, it will detonate the grenade. A variant of the VOG-25 is the VOG-25P “bouncing” HE-FRAG grenade. Containing 1.3 ounces of TNT, when the VOG-25P impacts the ground, a small charge in the nose goes off and “bounces” the grenade up into the air to a maximum height of 5 feet. At that point, the VOG-25P explodes, having much the same lethality radius as the standard VOG-25. Another common grenade is the GRD series of smoke grenades. Besides the original GRD-40 smoke grenade, the newer GRD-50, GRD-100, and GRD-200 smoke grenades are used to lay down a smoke screen covering 706 cubic feet per grenade. In low wind speeds (below 3.3 miles per hour), the smoke persists for 1 minute. The numbers of the newer grenades refer to the range from the operator, in meters, at which the grenade will commence to release smoke.

     The GP-25 can fire most any 40x53mm grenade designed for single-shot and/or under-barrel grenade launchers. The Bulgarian arms manufacturer Arsenal JSCo illustrates the numerous additional grenade offerings for the GP-25. The HEDP (High-Explosive Dual-Purpose) grenade has the same lethal radius as the VOG-25 but adds the ability to penetrate 50mm of rolled homogeneous plate (RHA) which makes lightly armored vehicles vulnerable to the grenade. The company offers a more potent HE-FRAG grenade that increases the lethal radius to 30 feet. The AD (Anti-Diver) grenade is designed for  use by naval troops, permitting them to engage enemy frogmen to a maximum depth of 15 meters. The TBC-3 thermobaric explosive warhead creates a lethal radius of 98 feet and a disorientating effect to divers out to 328 feet. The TB (Thermobaric) grenade has a warhead packed with 3 ounces of TBC-2 explosive which, when the AF41 fuze is activated, dispenses the TBC-2 into the air which immediately detonates upon reaction with oxygen. This generates intense heat and overpressure within the burst radius. The CS grenade creates a cloud of irritant CS gas 7,062 cubic feet in size while the S&F (Sound & Flash) grenade is another non-lethal munition which is essentially a “flash bang” round, creating a near deafening noise upon detonation coupled with a flash that temporarily blinds anyone looking at it. Finally, TP or P (Target Practice or Practice) are used for training while ILL (Illumination) grenades (“star shells”) are fired into the air and upon detonation, release a parachute to slow descent while white, red, green, or yellow flares burn. Color depending, the candlepower ranges from 8,000 (green) up to 90,000 (white). The burn time for the ILL grenade is 25 seconds.

     The weapon in the background is a 7.62x54mmR PKM general purpose machine-gun while of interest, the GP-25 operator has a patch on his helmet of the flag reportedly flown by the pirate Edward “Blackbeard” Teach though no evidence exists to prove it.

7.5cm PaK40/2 auf Fgst Pz.Kpfw II (Sf) "Marder II": Demolitioned Outside Rome

Source: U.S. Signal Corps

     Somewhere outside Rome on June 5, 1944, a U.S. soldier from the 5th. Army examines what is left of a German 7.5cm PaK40/2 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sd.Kfz 131) tank destroyer which was, mercifully, simply called the Marder II. The need to both bolster and improve tank destroying capability resulted in two tank destroyers utilizing the chassis of the Panzerkampfwagen II light tank. 

     The first version was designated the Panzer Selbstfahrlafette 1 für 7.62cm PaK36(r) auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II Ausf D¹ und D² (Sd.Kfz 132). Sometimes (again, mercifully) known as the LaS 762, this tank destroyer utilized Panzer II ausf. D and E as well as Flammpanzer II (a flamethrower variant of the Panzer II) chassis and mounted a captured Soviet 76.2mm F-22 Model 1930 field gun rechambered to fire the 75mm round used by the potent PaK 40 anti-tank gun. The LaS 762 was a stop-gap design while more purpose-built tank destroyers were designed and put into production. It was characterized by its tall profile and 201 vehicles were converted between April 1942 and June 1943.

     The second version was the Sd.Kfz 131, a more dedicated tank destroyer design, and it used war weary Panzer II ausf. A, B, and C chassis (but would later use factory "fresh" ausf. F chassis). The Marder II had the excellent 75mm PaK 40 gun as its main weapon. All told, 651 Marder II were produced between June 1942 and March 1944 and saw service on all fronts (though the majority were deployed to the Eastern Front). Both the German Army (Heer) and Waffen-SS were heavy users of the Marder II, equipping the panzerjäger abteilungen of panzer divisions. In addition, some Luftwaffe ground forces used the Marder II in their own tank destroyer units.

     The Marder II in the photograph has lost its entire superstructure save the forward portion and the front of the hull has been completely blown out as has the back of the vehicle. Given the extent of the damage and most notably by the burst barrel of the PaK 40, this particular Marder II was destroyed by the crew using demolition charges. This was not too uncommon when the vehicle could not be recovered from whatever circumstance disabled it (mired in the ground, mechanical breakdown, or battle damage) and so blowing the vehicle up denied its use by the enemy.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The M-84A4 Sniper

Source: @global_tanks on Instagram

     Sometime in 2024, Croatia provided the Ukrainian Army with thirty former Croatian Army M-84A4 Sniper (“Snayper” in Ukrainian) main battle tanks. One of these tanks is shown here, operated by the 141st. Mechanized Brigade. The M-84 is a Yugoslavian variant of the Soviet export model of the T-72A, designated the T-72M. Produced between 1979 and 1983 by the Croatian company Đuro Đaković Grupa d.d., some 680 tanks rolled off the lines. Ever since, the tanks have undergone modernization over the decades while in Croatian and also Serbian service. The M-84A4 Sniper is the final variant of the M-84A series and by 2008, the entirety of the Croatian Army's tanks were brought up to the M-84A4 standard. The type remains the mainstay of Croatian Army tank units and this is because the next modernization program, designated the M-84D, is extensive and costly. To date, only two M-84D tanks have been built.

     The 42-ton M-84A4 is powered by a V-46TK 12-cylinder, liquid-cooled, supercharged, multi-fuel diesel engine that develops 1,000 horsepower. According to Đuro Đaković's promotional material, an optional “power pack” 1,000 horsepower engine is available and some believe this to be of German manufacture. The V-46TK is paired with a hydromechanical transmission featuring a 8-speed gearbox (7 forward, 1 reverse). Maximum road speed is 42 miles per hour. A 330 gallon fuel capacity gives the M-84A4 a total operational range between 310 to 434 miles.

     The main armament of the M-84A4 is a turret-mounted 2A46 125mm smoothbore gun. The 2A46 sits within a 2-plane stabilizer with the mount providing 13.5 degrees of elevation and 6 degrees of depression. The turret gives a full 360 degree traverse. The original SUV-M-84 fire control system (FCS) is replaced by a more modern EFCS-3 FCS which is equipped with a DBR-84 ballistic computer. The gunner is provided with a DNNS-2 day/night sight and a laser rangefinder. Like all T-72 based tanks, the M-84A4 uses a automatic loader with 22 ready rounds of ammunition within the carousel situated beneath the turret basket. A further 20 rounds are stored throughout the tank's interior.

     The 2A46 can fire a wide array of 125mm rounds. A typical APFSDS (Armor-Piercing, Fin-Stabilized, Discarding Sabot) round may be the 3BM26 which can penetrate 410mm of rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) at a 0 degree angle at 1.2 miles. At a 60 degree, slope, the penetration is 200mm of RHA. The 3BK21B HEAT (High-Explosive Anti-Tank) can go through 260mm of RHA at a 60 degree slope to a range of 1.9 miles. The 3OF28 HE (High-Explosive) round contains 11 pounds of explosive and can be fired out to a range of 2.5 miles. The M-84A4 is not outfitted as standard to fire tube-launched ATGMs (Anti-Tank Guided Missiles) such as the 9K119 Refleks (NATO reporting name AT-11 Sniper) and 9K120 Svir (a variant of the Refleks) or the older 9K112 Kobra (NATO reporting name AT-8 Songster).

     Secondary armament of the M-84A4 consists of a co-axial 7.62mm PKT which is provided with 2,000 rounds of ammunition. Maximum range (not effective) is 1.1 miles with a rate of fire of 250 rounds per minute. The commander is provided with a 12.7mm NSV mounted heavy machine-gun outside his cupola on the turret top. A total of 360 rounds are carried for the NSV with the mounting providing for an elevation of 75 degrees and a maximum depression of 5 degrees.

     To protect the 3-man crew (commander, driver, and gunner), the armor profile of the M-84A4 is much the same as the tank it is based on, the T-72A. The front hull supports 205mm of actual composite alloy armor but with an approximate slope of 68 degrees, the effective armor thickness is much higher. The turret is heavily protected with what the Soviet's called K-Combination. This is a laminate armor using hardened steel on the exterior turret shell behind which is a cavity containing a silicate (sand or granite), RHA steel, and ceramics. From the front, the turret has an effective 410mm to 500mm of armor thickness against APFSDS ammunition and between 500mm to 560mm of effective armor against HEAT rounds. The M-84A4 does not come with explosive reactive armor (ERA) as standard. Additional defensive equipment include an automatic fire extinguishing system, 12 smoke grenade launchers on the turret front for creating smoke screens, and a NBC (Nuclear Biological Chemical) system using filters and overpressure to seal the crew compartments.

     Other equipment utilized on the M-84A4 includes a meteorological sensor (positioned right behind the gun on the turret top) and a Racal produced Jaguar V communication suite. The latter replaced the older, more conventional FM and UHF receivers. The Jaguar V uses UHF only receivers that feature the ability to hop across narrow or wide band frequencies to resist jamming. A TELDIX navigation system, DNKS-2 day/night commander's periscope, TNPO-168V driver's periscope, and a TNPA-65 auxiliary periscope round out the main equipment installations.

     The Ukrainian M-84A4 shown here presents the breadth of add-on defenses Ukrainian units place on their tanks to give a measure of survival against enemy anti-tank weapons, FPV drones, and UAVs. As the M-84A4 does not come with ERA, Kontakt-1 blocks have been fitted to the upper and lower front hull and on the turret. Next, a complete metal frame cage supporting wire fencing has been secured to the turret. The open front of the cage is protected with weighted chains to foul drone propellers or the drone itself. Hanging down from the front of the tank are metal or rubber panels to provide a measure of defense against FPV drones looking to strike the thinner lower hull armor below the ERA blocks. Slat armor panels are secured along the tank's sides which have some effectiveness against HEAT munitions. Finally, the rear of the tank's upper deck is surrounded by what appear to be civilian radio antennas which, again, offer some defense against FPV drones or as a deterrent to attacks, forcing the FPV operator to try a more difficult vector to try to strike the tank.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The Russian "Bylat Mobile"

Source: @drone_wars_ on Instagram

     Derided as “Bylat Mobiles” and in polite company as “Turtle Tanks”, the monstrosity shown in this photograph would be more at home on Fury Road in the Mad Max film franchise. It does, however, illustrate the current trend in Russian ad-hoc anti-drone defense. Turtle tanks first started to appear in 2024 and early ones consisted of a metal frame welded onto a tank chassis to which sheet metal was applied. This “shell” covered the entire top and sides of the tank with the only openings being the front and back. As the Ukrainians learned to utilize FPV drones against these turtle tanks, the Russians evolved the design and this usually encompassed enclosing the rear of the tank, adding metal chains along the front opening, fitting rubber panels along the front, rear, and sides of the tank, and adding drone jammers to the exterior of the enclosure. Even with these measures, turtle tanks could still be engaged by FPV drones. Jammers may or may not work against a frequency an attacking drone is operating on and since there are parts of a turtle tank that can still be hit by a FPV drone, it is possible to get a mobility kill (and other drones or artillery can finish the tank off) or a catastrophic kill if the turtle tank is carrying ammunition. The advent of fiber-optic, wire-guided FPV drones means jammers are no longer effective and chains, which are used to foul drone propellers, cannot be deployed effectively across the entirety of the tank. The solution Russian crews found is what you see here, twisted wire cables. The cabling is unwound and the individual wires spread apart to form stiff metal “branches”. When these “bushes” of wire are combined together across the exterior of the tank, it makes for a serious challenge for Ukrainian FPV drone operators to get through to the tank without propellers or the drone itself colliding with a wire. In fact, there have been a few social media images which show Ukrainian FPV drones “impaled” on these wires, preventing a successful hit. So, while the concept looks ridiculous, it has a measure of effectiveness.

     The Russians typically deploy turtle tanks in the assault where they lead follow-on troops towards Ukrainian positions. More often than not, the turtle tanks are equipped with KMT-7 mine rollers (sometimes combined with KMT-6 or KMT-8 mine ploughs) so that they can clear away any mines that could hold up troops coming up behind. Turtle tanks also don't usually carry ammunition for the main gun as it is either non-functional or the traverse is so limited as to be useless. This also has the effect of making survivability from a successful hit somewhat higher for the crew. Not surprisingly, turtle tanks attract a lot of attention from FPV drones and if the drones cannot at least score a mobility kill, it might be up to Ukrainian anti-tank teams to knock out the vehicle before it gets close. 

     It is neigh short of impossible to tell what model of tank is inside the enclosure built up around it. The crew has liberally covered the exterior with metal 4S22 explosive reactive armor boxes which are usually seen fitted to the side skirts of T-90M tanks (which has 40 boxes in all, 20 per side of the tank). This provides added protection against shaped charge munitions. The triangle with a solid triangle within it is a more recent Russian tactical symbol for units in a particular area of operations. It is not a unit specific symbol. Of interest, it appears that a venerable BDSh-5 smoke canister has been fitted to the tank. These were used on Soviet tanks prior to the introduction of the 902A “Tucha” smoke grenade launchers in 1981. The BDSh-5 is deployed by releasing it to drop to the ground where it would be electrically triggered to initiate the generation of a smoke screen. The process is done from within the tank.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The Avtomat Kalashnikova 47

Source: General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

     Somewhere within Ukraine, a soldier of the 93rd. Mechanized Brigade “Kholodnyi Yar” trains with his Avtomat Kalashnikova 47 (AK-47) assault rifle. Development of the AK-47 commenced in 1945 with the first prototypes trialed starting in 1947 and in 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted for service in the Soviet Army. Production of the AK-47 began in 1948 and it remains in production to this day. Over 100 million AK-47 rifles, of all variants, have been built and the AK-47 has seen combat around the world in just about every conflict...large or small.

     The AK-47 shown here appears to be a Maschinenpistole MPi-K, the designation of the AK-47 in the military of the former Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR; better known as East Germany). This observation is based solely on the shape of the safety lever and the dust cover as the rest of the rifle has been modified. That such a weapon would be in the hands of a Ukrainian soldier is because Germany provided the Ukrainian Army with a small number of AK-47 rifles (73 in all) and it is a possibility these were former DDR weapons that had been kept around in storage.

     Now, the MPi-K utilized plastic handguards, pistol grips, and stocks which were prone to cracking and given the relative age of these weapons, there is a good chance that the reason this soldier's AK-47 has a replacement stock and handguards is because the rifles had been received from Germany with broken hardware which needed replacement.

     The stock looks to be a Czech manufactured FAB Defense GLR-16 CP fixed telescopic stock with adjustable cheek piece. By fixed, it means the stock cannot fold to shorten the length of the weapon. Made of black polymer plastic, the stock's cheek piece can be fully removed if not needed. The original handguards have been replaced with what appears to be a TDI Arms LHV47S handguard set which includes upper and lower handguards equipped with Picatinny (and Weaver compatible) rails. Like the stock, the handguards are high-density polymer materials for strength as well as heat resistance. On the bottom rail of the lower handguard is a folding front pistol grip.

     The typical AK-47 is chambered for the 7.62x39mm cartridge and the rounds are fed into the AK-47 via a 20-, 30-, or 50-round box magazine. A 30-round magazine is in use here. In addition, a 40- or 75-round drum magazine can be used. The action consists of a gas-operated, long-stroke piston, closed rotating bolt. Cyclic rate of fire is a maximum of 600 rounds per minute with a practical rate of fire being 40 rounds per minute if using semi-automatic fire. Burst fire is around 100 rounds per minute. Sighting is done using iron sights that are adjustable between 100 to 800 meters. Effective range is 350 meters. Without a magazine, the AK-47 weights 7.7 pounds though this soldier's modified weapon is probably lighter. Length, with the regular stock, is 2.9 feet and without a stock, the length is 2.1 feet long.

Waifus with Raifus: The KRISS Vector Origin CRB Gen 2

Source: @nataliafadeev on Instagram

     This installment of “Waifus with Raifus” features Natalia Fadeev. A former Israeli Defense Force military policeman, Fadeev now makes content featuring herself dressed in alluring outfits along with military weapons. Going by the online handle “Gun Waifu”, Fadeev participates in (and promotes) the sport of airsoft in addition to being a positive influence on women looking to make a career of the military. She is seen here posing with one of her many airsoft weapons, a licensed 6mm replica of the Vector Origin CRB Gen 2 carbine designed and built by KRISS USA, Inc.

     The Vector's distinctive profile is due to KRISS' Super V Recoil Mitigation System (RMS). The weapon uses a delayed blowback, closed bolt action and the Vector's small bolt assembly is linked to a low-mass slider. This slider is slotted into channels within the frame that run perpendicular to the barrel. The system is housed in the area just behind the magazine well. Upon firing, the Super V RMS shunts the blowback energy downward and this acts as a counter to the barrel's rise. Another interesting feature of the Vector (again contributing to its appearance) is that the barrel of the weapon is actually below the trigger group. This positioning, in combination with the Super V RMS, makes the Vector easy to control and permits quick follow-up shots with very little adjustment.

     The Vector Origin CRB Gen 2 is available on the civilian market, retailing for $2,300. Unlike the airsoft version, the genuine Vector is fitted with a 16” barrel (hence the carbine label) and is semi-automatic. It comes chambered in the .45ACP round and it uses a standard Glock 21 magazine. This normally holds 13 rounds but it is fitted with a KRISS MagEx 17+ kit which makes a total capacity of 30 rounds. This extended magazine is shown in the photograph. The barrel is made from 4140 chrome-molybdenum alloy steel and finished with black nitride. The trigger is 2-stage and has a quick reset.

     The Vector Origin has a empty weight of 8 pounds with an overall length, with extended stock, of 3.2 feet. Speaking of the stock, it folds to the right, laying flush along the weapon's side and has a total of 6 positions of adjustment. The Vector Origin comes standard with flip-up front and rear sights, a top Picatinny rail for optics, and three other Picatinny rails on either side of the front frame and bottom. The weapon comes with a front grip on the underside rail (not see in the photograph).

     As for Fadeev's airsoft version, it is very likely a Krytac Vector SMG V2 AEG (Automatic Electric Gun). Krytac is the only airsoft company that holds the license from KRISS to produce the Vector in either GBB (Gas Blowback) or AEG (Automatic Electric Gun) models. Firing 6mm pellets, the Krytac Vector AEG has a muzzle velocity between 345 feet per second up to a maximum of 370. Maximum rate of fire is 21 rounds per minute with a magazine capacity of 50 rounds or 95 rounds if using the extended magazine (shown in the photograph). Power comes from a 11.1 volt LiPo (Lithium-Polymer) battery which drives a bonded neodymium (NdFeB) magnet, high-torque motor. Empty weight is 5.7 pounds with a length (stock extended) of 2.2 feet. Fadeev looks to have added a Nitro.Vo SRS (Strike Rail System) which fits over the front of the weapon, extending the length of the Picatinny rails to permit the fitting of a wider range of accessories and offer a longer handguard. The SRS is made of lightweight aluminum. Fadeev had also added a holographic sight that includes a rail for a magnifier. What brand it is cannot be made out.

M3 Light Tank "Capt Gore" (10 Troop, C Squadron, 2/6th Armored Regiment, Australian Army)

Source: Author's collection

     "Capt Gore", an M3 light tank belonging to 10 Troop, C Squadron, 2/6th Armored Regiment of the Australian Army, sits abandoned in a field of kunai grass near the "New Strip", a decoy landing strip, within the Buna area of Papua, New Guinea. The 2/6th Armored Regiment sent B and C Squadrons in December 1942 to bolster Allied forces during the Battle of Buna–Gona which raged from November 16, 1942 to January 22, 1943. The squadrons from the 2/6th Armored Regiment were attached to the 2/9th Battalion (Infantry) of the Australian 18th. Brigade and they rolled into battle on December 18, 1942. 

     The tenacious Japanese defenders fought hard and three M3 tanks were lost the first day but it was not enough to stop the Australians and American forces from making good progress. The drive would continue and on December 24, 1942, the remaining four tanks were deployed in support of the U.S. 1st. Battalion, 126th. Infantry Regiment (32nd. Division) and the Australian 2/10th Battalion (Infantry) that were tasked with taking "New Strip". The Japanese, lacking in anti-tank weapons, used anti-aircraft guns in their place. The most common, the Type 96 25mm gun, was capable of firing an armor-piercing round that could penetrate 42mm out to a range of 100m. The M3, at most, had 51mm of armor with a minimum of 10mm. Given the terrain, the Japanese guns were well concealed and took the tanks under fire at very close range and thus the M3 was vulnerable to these weapons. In short order, all four tanks were lost.

     In the case of "Capt Gore", it appears that it was a victim of the ground underneath the kunai grass which was often wet and thus tanks were susceptible to bogging down in the soft earth. There does appear to be some damage to the tank from shell hits, such as through the air filter case and a small ricochet indent just beneath the cupola but nothing from this view that suggests it was knocked out by gun fire. The tank was abandoned and stripped of equipment, to include the .30cal. machine-gun that was mounted on the pintel next to the cupola. It is unknown if the tank was recovered but photographs exist of another M3 from the same battle still in the fields in 1952. The name of "Capt Gore" was applied to the tank for an Australian propaganda film and never removed before deployment. The other M3 tanks in 10 Troop, C Squadron were "Capt Kidd" and "Capt Blood". 

     The Battle of Buna–Gona ended in a Allied victory but at a heavy cost. It was the first time soldiers faced the ferocious nature of the Japanese when on the defensive and all told, the Allies suffered 1,991 killed in action and 12,300 wounded out of some 20,000 men deployed. The savage defense of the Japanese can be seen in the under 300 Japanese soldiers captured by the Allies out of a total force count of 12,000. The rest were either killed in battle (4,000), died from disease (3,000), or were wounded in action (1,200; these men were able to be evacuated).

Russo-Ukrainian War: The ZSh-7 Flight Helmet

Source: Reddit

     A pilot belonging to the 39th. Tactical Aviation Brigade, wearing a ZSh-7 flight helmet. The helmet entered service in 1987 and is designed for pilots of the Mikoyan MiG-29 (NATO reporting name Fulcrum). In 1990, the ZSh-7AP helmet appeared for both MiG-29 pilots and pilots of the Sukhoi Su-27 (NATO reporting name Flanker). The 39th. was initially equipped with the MiG-29 until December 2008 when it transitioned to the Su-27 which the unit still flies to this day.

     The main difference between the ZSh-7 and the ZSh-7AP is the latter features a front bracket “out of the box” to which NVE (Night Vision Equipment) can be mounted or the Shchel-3UM-1 target designator. The Shchel-3UM-1, which entered service in 1981, is used with the Vympel R-73 AAM (Air-to-Air Missile; NATO reporting name AA-11 Archer) permits the pilot to simply look at the intended target and the R-73 will be guided towards it. This keeps the pilot's head out of the cockpit and allows for “off-boresight” attacks. The Shchel-3UM-1 is also backwards compatible with the older Vympel R-60 AAM (NATO reporting name AA-8 Aphid).

     That this helmet is a ZSh-7 is because the bracket seen is affixed to his helmet using an adhesive or is secured using screws on the inside of the helmet. An issued ZSh-7AP uses a bracket that is mounted higher up on the shell and is secured using screws.

     The hose resting on his shoulder and running up into the back of his helmet connects to a occipital bladder. The hose connects to the port coming out of the left side of his KM-34 oxygen mask. This port can swivel and usually is pointed to face to the rear to allow for easier connection of the hose. When the pilot pulls high “G” maneuvers, the oxygen system will automatically inflate the bladder which pushes the pilot's head forward, pressing the oxygen mask to his face. This ensures the mask is fully sealed and tight against the face to maintain maximum oxygen flow to the pilot. This is vital as such maneuvers can shift a mask around, letting oxygen leak out. Without adequate oxygen, G-LOC (G-induced Loss Of Consciousness) can occur as the blood supply is pushed away from the head by the G-forces. The result is cerebral hypoxia which is essentially oxygen starvation. The bladder inflation makes sure the mask is tightly secured to the face and the rubber portion of the KM-34 mask forms a complete seal. Thus, there is no loss of oxygen to the pilot and this prevents a blackout.

Russo-Ukrainian War: Artillerisystem 08 Archer 155mm SPH

Source: General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

     One of the more unique artillery systems in use by Ukrainian Army artillery units is shown here, the Artillerisystem 08. Better known simply as the Archer, this vehicle is in service with one of the four artillery battalions of the 43rd. Artillery Regiment “Hetman Taras Triasylo”. Sweden, as part of the country's military aid to Ukraine, has provided 8 Archer systems and in September 2025, pledged another 18 systems. Of the eight, one was damaged by a Russian drone attack on March 3, 2024 with a second destroyed on August 4, 2025. Designed by the Swedish company Bofors between 1995 and 2009, the Archer entered production in 2010, being built by BAE Systems AB. To date, only 48 Archer systems have rolled off the line with over twice that on purchase orders from the Latvian Land Forces, Swedish Army, and Ukrainian Army.

     The basis of the 34-ton Archer is the Volvo A30D articulated 6x6 vehicle chassis which is used in the civilian construction industry (usually as a dump truck). Power comes from a Volvo D9BACE3 inline-6, intercooled diesel engine with a turbocharger that develops 340 horsepower. This is mated to a Volvo PT1560 automatic planetary transmission with a 8-speed gearbox (6 forward, 2 reverse). Three Volvo AH64 axles feature transversal differential locks with full floating axle shafts. The driver can select 6x4 or 6x6 drive on the fly. The maximum road speed is 43 miles per hour while the top reverse speed is 8 miles per hour. 105 gallons of diesel fuel provide for a maximum operational range of 400 miles.

     Situated on the very back of the chassis is the heart of the Archer, a turret mounted Fälthaubits 77 (FH77) L/52 155mm howitzer. The turret is able to traverse a total of 170 degrees and elevate the gun to a maximum of 70 degrees. Total depression is 1 degree. Housed within the turret is a fully automatic gun loading system and electronic fuze setter. Total onboard ammunition is 21 shells with a total of 126 modular propellant charges. The shells have their own magazine while the propellant charges are in a separate magazine of 18 rows which contain 6 full charges and 1 half-charge. Once all of the ammunition is expended, it takes the crew 10 minutes to reload assuming they have the Archer-specific reloading device that moves ammunition from the accompanying munitions carrier into the magazines.

     The turret itself is unmanned and instead, the gunner operates it from the cab. A FCS (Fire Control System) utilizing NABK (NATO Armament Ballistic Kernel) software generates ballistic tables for any ammunition being used along with both tabular and graphical firing tables. The FCS also automates bringing the howitzer onto target, positioning the turret without manual guidance. This is assisted by a SAGEM Sigma 30 inertial navigation system (INS). The howitzer has several fire modes to include burst fire (3 rounds every 20 seconds), sustained fire (54 rounds every 35 minutes), bombardment (21 rounds in 3 minutes), and MRSI (Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact). With MRSI, the FCS calculates the trajectory then handles the firing of 4 to 6 rounds so that all rounds impact on the target at the same time. The Archer is compatible with any NATO standard 155mm projectile with standard HE (High-Explosive) shells having a range of around 19 miles, extended range HE shells reaching out to 25 miles, and M982 Excalibur guided shells can attain a range of 31 miles. If need be, the Archer can engage in direct fire, out to a range of 1.2 miles. Shell speed upon exiting the barrel is measured by a Weibel MVRS-700SC muzzle velocity radar. From the halt, the Archer can be ready to fire in under 30 seconds. Stability during fire missions is provided by two rear-mounted stabilizers. Likewise, the Archer can be ready to move to a new position, also in under 30 seconds.

     For local defense, a Vapenstation 01 RCWS (Remote Controlled Weapon Station) can be fitted to the cab roof. The Vapenstation 01 is the Swedish designation for the M151 Protector RCWS which can be fitted either with a Browning M2 12.7mm heavy machine-gun or a Mk.19 40mm automatic grenade launcher (among other weapon fits). While the Vapenstation 01 is not seen in the photograph, there are some Ukrainian Archers which use it.

     The Archer's cab (holding the 4 man crew) is protected by STANAG 4569 Level 3 steel armor which provides proof against 7.62x51mm AP (Armor-Piercing) ammunition at 30 meters as well as 155mm shell fragments from 60 meters. Below the cab, the Archer supports STANAG 4569 Level 2b mine protection which permits the Archer to survive the blast from a mine packed with at most 13 pounds of explosive. Air filters and a crew cab overpressure system provides NBC defense (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical). In the photograph, the Archer is covered by a Saab Barracuda MCS (Mobile Camouflage System) which consists of fitted panels which is a multi-spectral camouflage. It features a high UV reflectance, patterns that match NIR (Near IR) reflections of the surrounding environment, SWIR (Short-Wave IR) management by adjusting spectral reflections of the environment, TIR (Thermal IR) reduction (utilizing convection, reflection, radiation, and insulation), as well as providing protection against SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) systems.

300-Pounder (10") Parrott Rifle, Battery Strong, Morris Island: Down But Not Out

Source: Library of Congress

     Situated on Morris Island in South Carolina, its barrel broken, is one of only three 300-pounder Parrott rifles operated by Union forces during the Civil War. Part of Battery Strong, this particular Parrott rifle saw action during the Second Battle of Charleston Harbor which ran from July 18, 1863 until September 7, 1893 where it participated in the bombardment of Fort Wagner (also on Morris Island) which was defended by Confederate troops who had already defeated two Union assaults which attempted to take the fort.

     The Parrott rifle, designed by Captain Robert Parker Parrott, was heavily used by both Union and Confederate artillery forces. The 10-pounder Parrott rifle first appeared in 1860 and by 1862, larger Parrott rifles had appeared, to include the 20-pounder Parrott rifle (used as a field gun) and 30-pounder. In time, heavy artillery for siege warfare and bombardment saw the 100-pounder, 150-pounder, 200-pounder, and the rarest of them all, the 300-pounder Parrott rifle enter service by 1863.

     The Parrott rifle, regardless of caliber, was made of cast iron and this was chosen to extend the life of the rifling within the barrel. However, cast iron was brittle and was prone to splitting or cracking under the pressure created by the gasses of detonating gun powder. To reduce this risk, Parrott rifles had a wrought iron band around the breech. Parrott rifles were inexpensive, the 10-pounder only costing $187 to produce, and the Parrott rifle could be built quickly. Not surprisingly, the common 10-pounder and 20-pounder Parrott rifles were in widespread Union service. Despite the banding, the Parrott rifle was still susceptible to barrel bursts or damage.

     The 300-pounder (equivalent to a 10” caliber) had a length of 13 feet and a combat weight of 13.5 tons. Two primary shells were fired, one a sabot shell while the other was called a bolt. The sabot shell, a high-explosive munition, featured a metal ring (sabot) around the base of the shell and it was this ring that engaged the rifling within the barrel. Two fuzes were used, one being the Parrott time fuze while the other was a impact fuze. The Parrott time fuze consisted of a Zink plug in the nose of the sabot shell and within was a length of paper. The time delay until the shell exploded was derived by cutting the paper to a specific length. The impact fuze consisted of a percussion cap that was placed in the shell's nose and when the shell hit the target, the cap deformed and created a flame that set off the shell's charge. The bolt was a solid projectile and was mainly used to bludgeon through the armor of ironclad ships though it could also be used to smash into the stone and masonry walls of fortifications and shatter it. These shells had a weight between 222 to 300 pounds each and the typical powder charge weighed 26 pounds. The 300-pounder was muzzle loaded and though the crew size is not known, it was sizable. The 100-pounder Parrott rifle, as an example, required a crew of 17 men. With the barrel at a 30 degree elevation, the 300-pounder could hurl either a shell or bolt to a range of 5 miles.

     Returning to the 300-pounder in the photograph, on August 20, 1863, a shell burst towards the end of the barrel, blowing it apart. Exactly what unit was operating the Parrott rifle isn't known but it was either attached to a detachment from the 7th. Connecticut Infantry Regiment or was crewed by men from the regiment. This is because one Captain Sylvester Gray, who served with C Company, 7th. Connecticut, ordered the crew to take up tools and chisel and file away at the jagged end of the barrel until it was clear of any protrusions. With the remaining barrel unobstructed, the crew brought the Parrott rifle back into action with little loss in accuracy. 

     Fort Wagner held out, enduring near daily bombardment for two months, until September 6, 1863 when the remnants of the Confederate men within the fort (some 400 troops) abandoned it along with Morris Island, ceding it to Union forces.

Photograph taken by Philip Haas/Washington Peale.

Russo-Ukrainian War: "Office" of the 2S1 Gvozdika 122mm SPH

Source: inukraine.official on Instagram

     The “office” of a Ukrainian 2S1 Gvozdika (“Carnation”) 122mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer), a screen shot from a social media video. The 2S1, first entering service in 1972, is the second oldest self-propelled gun currently in use with the Ukrainian Army. Only the 2S3 Akatsiya (“Acacia”) 152mm SPH is the oldest, having first entered service in 1971.

     The breech belongs to the vehicle's 2A18 122mm howitzer, a variant of the towed D-30 howitzer. The 2A18 uses a horizontal, sliding-wedge, semi-automatic breech. The latter means the empty shell case is automatically ejected from the breech after firing. One empty case can be seen on the turret floor. Above the breech are the howitzer's hydropneumatic recuperator system which assists in absorbing recoil energy after firing. The lever with the horizontal grip operates the breech while the more vertical positioned lever to the left of the breech with the round grip is a manual trigger for the howitzer. The curved plate above the howitzer is the barrel mantlet.

     Along the inside of the turret are racks for ready projectiles and propellant charge cases. All told, the turret holds 24 complete rounds (projectile + propellant case) while another 16 rounds are stored in the rear hull. Spent cases can be reused though they need to be returned to a ammunition manufacturer to effect the refurbishment. This includes a thorough cleaning followed by inspection for damage, deformity, or other flaws. After passing inspection, the case is provided with new primer and propellant charges.

     The loader's position is to the right of the gun and he is assisted with a power rammer whose tray and arm can just be seen at the far right of the image. The loader will first open the breech (it is closed in the image) then places the projectile into the tray. With a push, the loader slides the rammer apparatus so that it is lined up with the breech. After the loader hits the activation switch, the rammer engages and pushes the projectile into the breech. The loader next places the propellant case onto the tray, hits the activation switch, and the rammer pushes the case into the breech. At this point, the breech closes and the rammer apparatus automatically shifts to the right, out of the way of the breech. The howitzer is now ready to fire.

     The gunner sits to the left of the gun and he can just be seen at the very left edge of the image wearing a t-shirt (above and behind him is the commander). After quickly checking his targeting information, he pushes down on the vertical lever and this fires the howitzer. The empty propellant case is then ejected out of the breech and falls to the turret floor. The breech remains open, ready for the next shell.

     A trained crew can run up to 5 rounds per minute through the 2A18 but a more sustained rate of fire is between 1 to 2 rounds every minute.

Sanitäter, Infanterieregiment Nr. 12

Source: Author's collection

     World War One remains the only conflict in which poison gas was utilized openly and on a significant scale. It was the French who first deployed chemical weapons, using tear gas filled 26mm grenades in August 1914. The Germans, in October 1914, would use an irritant gas against the British. It was the Germans, however, who were the first to use gas enmasse, launching some 18,000 tear gas filled artillery shells on Russian positions during the Battle of Bolimov in January 1915. The frigid temperatures actually caused the gas molecules to freeze but despite this failure, the usage of gas escalated from simply using irritants to incapacitate to poison gas designed to kill. The Germans were the first to use such gas, sending clouds of poisonous chlorine towards British positions on January 2, 1915 with both lethal and psychological effect. 

     By the close of the war, the French, British, Germans, and Austrians had used a host of chemical agents which fell into one of five categories: acute lung irritants, lachrymators (tear producers), paralysants, sternutators (sensory irritants), and vesicants (namely dichlorethyl sulphide a.k.a. mustard gas). Countermeasures to such weapons were swift. At first, they were simple gauze pads held to the mouth and nose. Often, they would be wetted down with water (effective against chlorine gas), a bicarbonate solution, or in some cases, even urine. These crude masks would give way to more effective masks using oiled leather, fabric, or rubberized material along with attached filters to purge the air of the chemical agent as well as protect the eyes from irritant agents.

     This photograph depicts a medic of the 12th. Infantry Regiment (as denoted by the "12" on his Pickelhaube helmet cover). He is wearing a mask made up of discarded cotton stuffed into gauze padding. Soldiers issued with this type of mask also were issued a bottle containing a solution made up of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) in water to dampen the mask. This was done upon a chemical attack being detected so as to allow the longest effectiveness before the mask dried up. 

     Across his chest, the medic is carrying an oxygen resuscitator. These were utilized to treat soldiers who suffered only a mild chemical attack injury as it was believed that if uncontaminated air could be flushed into the victim's lungs, it would give them a better chance at a more successful recovery.

Panzerhaubitze M109G (4. Batterie, Artillerielehrbataillon 145)

Source: Author's collection

     Most likely a publicity photograph, one gets a good view of the business end of a Bundeswehr Panzerhaubitze M109G self-propelled gun (SPG). Between 1964 and 1972, the Bundeswehr purchased a mixture of M109A1 and M109A2 SPGs from the United States. In two waves, the SPGs were sent to Rheinmetall AG who performed a myriad of improvements and adaptations to make them suitable for German service. The original 155mm howitzer was replaced with a Rheinmetall version which featured a new barrel, fume extractor, two-chamber muzzle brake, and a flat wedge breech block. The exterior appearance of the new gun still bore a resemblance to the original M109's short M126 155mm howitzer. The panoramic telescope and sighting scope were replaced with German optics while the M109G's commander was provided with a cupola and vision blocks taken directly from the M113 armored personnel carrier which was in use by the Bundeswehr. Other changes included replacing the 12.7mm M2 heavy machine-gun with the German built 7.62mm Maschinengewehr 3 (MG 3) and fitting German smoke grenade dischargers to the turret front.

     The M109G had a crew of six which consisted of the commander, driver, gunner, two loaders, and two ammunition handlers. The M109G was powered by a 450hp Detroit Diesel 8V71T turbo 8-cylinder, water-cooled engine paired with a 6-speed (4 forward, 2 reverse gears) Allison XTG-411-4A hydro-mechanical manual transmission. This was enough to move the M109G along at a top speed of 35mph with an operational range of 216 miles. The German howitzer had a maximum range of a little over 11 miles and a trained gun crew could sustain a rate of fire of one round every minute. The need for four men to feed the gun was due to the ammunition coming in two separate components; the shell and the bagged powder charge. Because of this, the M109G was only able to carry 28 rounds and thus relied on ammunition carriers to resupply it in the field as the onboard ammunition could be easily expended in a short period of time. Thus, having the extra hands allowed the M109G to be quickly replenished from ammunition carriers.

     As the M109G continued in service, it received one major upgrade in the early 1980s and that was to the M109A3GA1 standard. The gun was replaced with a longer barreled howitzer derived from the towed Feldhaubitze FH155-1 (which gave a maximum range of 15 miles), onboard ammunition capacity was increased to 35 rounds, IFAB (Integrierte Feuerleitmittel Artillerie Batterie) fire control system integration was added, and the installation of the AURORA (Autonome Richt- und Orientierungsaustattung Rohrartillerie; Autonomous Straightening and Orientation Equipment, Tube Artillery) targeting system enhanced the strike capability of the M109A3GA1. By the 1990s, the M109G was being phased out and replaced with the Panzerhaubitze 2000 but it was seen that the PzH 2000 would not be available in enough numbers to quickly replace the M109G and so 262 of the M109A3GA1 were given a further upgrade to the M109A3GEA2 standard. This included expanding the IFAB capability, improving the communication equipment, and incorporating the M109 into the ADLER (Artillerie-, Daten-, Lage- und Einsatz-Rechnerverbund; Artillery, Data, Situation and Deployment Computer Network) system. The ADLER system is a radio assisted artillery command, control, and weapon deployment network. To ease the burden of the loaders and ammunition handlers, a lifting aid and automatic loader was fitted but proved unreliable and so they were often disabled by the crew. The M109 was finally retired from German service in mid-2007.

     The content on the left side of the lower hull is the military symbology for the M109G's unit. The rectangle, called the frame in military terms, represents a unit. The squashed oval with the dot in the center represents a self-propelled howitzer or gun. The line to the right of the oval represents “gun system equipped” while the little line on top of the frame designates a battery. The number 4 is the battery the M109G belongs to while the 145 designates the battalion the battery belongs to. Thus, the unit would the 4. Batterie, Artillerielehrbataillon 145. This unit is no longer in existence with the current artillery units being Artillerielehrbataillon 131, Artillerielehrbataillon 295, Artillerielehrbataillon 325, and Artillerielehrbataillon 345. With the exception of Artillerielehrbataillon 295 (which is under the Franco-German Brigade), the other units are division level assets.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The Corsair ATGM

Source: Deccan Herald

     A Ukrainian anti-tank team on the practice range with a “Корсар” (“Corsair”) anti-tank guided missile system. In some publications, the entire system is designated the RK-3 “Корсар” based on the nomenclature of the missiles. Speaking of such, the 107mm missile leaving the tube is a РК–3ОФ (RK-3OF) HE-FRAG (High-Explosive Fragmentation) munition, one of three missile types the Корсар is able to fire. The other two are the РК–3К (RK-3K) tandem-warhead AT (Anti-Tank) missile and РК–3И (RK-3I) inert warhead practice missile. The Корсар isn't a new system with State Design Bureau “Luch” out of Kyiv, Ukraine having commenced development in 2013. After trials, the first 50 examples of the Корсар were delivered to the Ukrainian Army in 2017. In 2018, testing with the Корсар was done using a thermal imaging camera and the final version, shown in this photograph, was accepted for service in 2020.

     The Корсар is designed to be lightweight portable missile system to facilitate not only lessen the burden of infantrymen who have to “hump” the Корсар around the battlefield but also to utilize the missile system on armored vehicles without adding unnecessary weight to the overall vehicle. The SPU-3 tripod, with the thermal imager, weighs 26 pounds while the PN-KU guidance system with the launch rail weighs 18 pounds. The average missile weight is 34 pounds. The typical Корсар crew is 2 men. The Корсар breaks down into four components: the SPU-3, the thermal imager, the PN-KU, and the launch rail. These components can be carried in nylon/water resistant backpacks while the PN-KU and thermal sight are carried in a plastic, impact resistant dry box carry case.

     The Корсар's missiles utilize SALG (Semi-Automatic Laser Guidance). SALG works by “painting” the target with a laser beam but the missile's seeker doesn't “ride” the beam towards the target. Instead, it picks up the reflected laser energy and aligns itself towards the strongest reflection. SALG is not as robust as true laser beam guidance and targets using HR (Highly Reflective) paint can affect the laser's energy reflection strength while smoke can also interfere with the laser. In addition, laser warning systems can pick up SALG laser designators. The PN-KU does utilize a low power laser to reduce the detectability by laser warning systems. Where SALG excels is in low cost, the ability to lock onto other types of laser designators (manufacturer agnostic), and the ability for the Корсар system to shift positions after launch. The latter is important given the launch signature of the Корсар which would betray the anti-tank team's location and that the operator needs to keep the target “painted” until the the missile hits. The ability to move to another location and reacquire the target without the missile instantly going out of control during the few seconds the guidance stops, even if only a few feet from the initial launch point, can increase team survivability against retaliatory fire. In regards to the backblast, injury would result to anyone within a 30 degree cone from the rear of the launch tube, out to a distance of 32 feet.

     The RK-3OF is meant to engage emplacements, soft targets, buildings, and bunkers out to a range of 1.5 miles. The thermal imager permits night engagements out to a range of 1 mile in addition to aiding in target identification. The missile is also equipped with a shock core which is a shaped charge that lets it more easily penetrate hardened fortifications made from concrete and other similar materials. The missile can also drill through 50mm of RHA (Rolled Homogeneous Armor) which makes the Корсар lethal to many IFVs (Infantry Fighting Vehicles), APCs (Armored Personnel Carriers), and IMVs (Infantry Mobility Vehicles). However, against tanks, the RK-3OF would struggle. As such, the RK-3K missile would be used to engage tanks as the missile can penetrate 550mm of RHA armor after ERA (Explosive Reactive Armor).

Russo-Ukrainian War: The Rheinmetall Oerlikon Skynex® SHORAD System

Source: inukraine.official on Instagram

     Germany, as part of its continued military support to Ukraine, has pledged four Rheinmetall Oerlikon Skynex® air defense systems. Of the four, one was delivered in January 2024 with the second in April 2024. The third and fourth systems have yet to be received. Skynex® is what is termed a SHORAD (Short-Range Air Defense) system and the Ukrainian military has deployed them as part of the air defense network that protects critical infrastructure. The first public appearance of Skynex® in Ukrainian service occurred when the Ukrainian Air Force released a video showing the system in action in September 2024 and the image here, a screen capture from a video, appeared in social media in July 2025. The Skynex® system is designed to be modular and a benefit to Ukraine, given the varied sensors made by different manufacturers deployed by the Ukrainian military, is that Skynex® is compatible with some of them.

     The Skynex® system, as offered by Rheinmetall, consists of four components. The first is the Oerlikon Skymaster® BMS (Battle Management System). Sometimes referred to as a C2 system (Command and Control), the BMS takes in data from radar/sensor systems, processes that data, and outputs a COP (Common Operational Picture) to commanders. From this information, situational awareness is provided, decisions can be quickly made, and coordination can be maintained between subordinate units. The Skymaster® BMS is specifically designed to manage both tactical and strategic air defense networks though it can be adapted for other roles based on requirements of the purchaser.

     The second piece of Skynex® is the Oerlikon X-TAR3D® tactical acquisition radar. The X-TAR3D, a phased-array pulse Doppler radar, is situated within a square metal container which is placed upon a solid surface, elevation/stabilization jacks on each corner of the container. The container houses all of the apparatus needed to operate the radar. The radar itself works in the X-band frequency range which is 8 to 12 gigahertz. This is a short wavelength but offers high target resolution along with the added benefit of needing a small antenna that makes concealment easier. The X-TAR3D is also a 3-dimensional radar, meaning it provides not only range and azimuth information but also elevation data. The X-TAR3D can track up to 16 targets simultaneously and it can identify aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles, UAVs, and even unguided rockets and mortar bombs. Maximum range is 31 miles.

     The third component within the Skynex® system is the Oerlikon MSU (Multi-Sensor Unit). As the name suggests, the MSU is packed with various sensor suites and search radars. Like the radar, the MSU is within a metal container, approximately the size of a 10 foot standard shipping container. The roof of the container has two hatches which, upon being opened, the MSU is raised up and out. The suites consist of 3-dimension AESA radars (Active Electronically Scanned Array), panoramic EO (Electro-Optical) sensors (in a remote controlled turret atop the MSU), ECCM (Electronic Counter-Countermeasures), clutter mapping capability (which allows the radars to ignore stationary objects), and the ability to use either active or passive target tracking functions. The MSU is thus able to detect a host of threats in any weather conditions, day or night, in a 360 degree radius. Maximum detection range is 19 miles. The MSU fully interfaces with the Skymaster® BMS. The MSU can be upgraded with IFF (Identification Friend or Foe), additional ELINT sensors (Electronic Intelligence), and zenith radar. The latter is a specific type of radar that operates in the Ka-band (34.8 GHz) and is typically used to measure atmospheric conditions.

     The final piece of Skynex® is the Oerlikon Revolver Gun® Mk.3. Chambered for the 35x228mm round (which, as a note, is also used by the Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard that is in service with the Ukrainian military), the Revolver Gun Mk.3 can spit out 1,000 rounds per minute though the more regular rate is a long burst of 200 rounds per minute. The gun sits within a unmanned turret situated on a ground plate. The turret can rotate a full 360 degrees at a rate of 115 degrees per second and so this means the turret can revolve fully in 3.1 seconds. Gun elevation is a maximum of 85 degrees while the maximum depression is 10 degrees. Elevation speed is 57 degrees per second and so from 0 degrees, it can reach its maximum elevation in 1.5 seconds. Ready ammunition capacity is 252 rounds. The Revolver Gun can fire a wide array of 35mm ammunition to include Oerlikon's AHEAD KETF (Kinetic Energy Time Fuze) round. The “AHEAD” comes from the fact the round doesn't directly strike the target but instead, it creates a cone shaped cloud of 152 cylindrical, aerodynamic tungsten alloy submunitions (each with a weight of .12 of an ounce) ahead of the target. The fuze is set electronically as the round leaves the barrel. Other ammunition types include HEI (High-Explosive Incendiary), HEI-T (High-Explosive Incendiary Tracer), FAP (Frangible Armor Piercing), and TP-T (Target Practice Tracer). The typical range for the 35x228mm round is 3.4 miles. The weapon is also able to engage in C-RAM fire missions. Standing for Counter-Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar, this means the Revolver Cannon Mk.3 can engage incoming unguided rockets, artillery rounds, or mortar bombs.

     The Revolver Gun Mk.3, by itself, is a self-contained SHORAD. It has either a X-band or Ku-band tracking radar (19 mile range) along with a EO sensor suite consisting of a HD CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) TV camera, a cooled MWIR (Mid-Wave Infrared) IR camera, laser range finder, and a video tracking system. It can be fitted with an optional S-band or X-band ARES search radar. The Revolver Gun Mk.3 platform can detect, identify, track, and engage targets fully autonomously. Of course, the weapon is meant to be tied into the BMS as well as take advantage of the X-TAR3D and MSU components. In addition, the BMS can manage up to eight Revolver Gun Mk.3 systems.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The MP-120 120mm Mortar

Source: USA Today

     Crew of a MP-120 120mm mortar in action somewhere in Ukraine, August 2025. The MP-120 is designed and built by Ukrainian Armor, LLC, a company headquartered in Kyiv, Ukraine. The MP-120, being constructed within Ukraine, allows supply of a heavy mortar to the Ukrainian Army without dependence on external military aid to replace combat losses or bolster units with additional mortars. Another benefit of the MP-120 is the replacement of older Soviet-era 120mm mortars which remain in use such as the 2B11, the 2S12 “Sani” (“Sleigh”), and any remaining 120-PM-38 that have lingered on in service. The MP-120 is also replacing another Ukrainian produced mortar, the M120-15 “Molot” (“Hammer”). The latter, produced by Ukroboronprom Mayak Plant PJSC, entered service in 2016 but has proven unreliable with tube failures having killed and injured over five dozen soldiers by 2021. The MP-120 was accepted for service on January 25, 2022, a little under a month before the Russian invasion.

     The MP-120 has a combat weight of 36 pounds and it takes a trained crew between 2 to 3 minutes to ready the mortar for action. In the background of the photograph, the two-wheeled transport carriage can be seen. This is used to tow the mortar behind a vehicle as well as permit the crew to push the mortar along the ground to the firing position. Once the baseplate is firmly emplaced in the ground, the mortar's barrel bottom is connected to the plate via a ball-and-socket style joint. This permits a full 360 degrees of traverse without having to reposition the entire mortar. The bipod permits elevation and a limited amount of left or right traverse for more fine barrel positioning. The MP-120's barrel utilizes steel construction which prioritizes robustness. This was well illustrated during the MP-120's trials prior to acceptance in which 5,500 rounds were fired through one example. This amount usually resulted in the need for a complete barrel replacement with existing service mortars but the MP-120 showed only .2mm of barrel wear. As a consequence, the MP-120 can effectively fire over 10,000 rounds before the barrel needs replacement.

     Sighting is done using a MUM-706 UMS (Unified Mortar Sight) which has a 2.5x magnification, a 9 degree field of view, 2 inch parallax, 360 degree range of horizontal sighting, between 35 to 90 degree angle of elevation, and plus or minus 30 degrees of angle of inclination in the vertical plane. A benefit of using a UMS is that the sight can be used on other calibers of mortars which include 60mm, 81mm, and 82mm mortars.

     The MP-120 is able to use any 120mm mortar bomb which is designed to be fired through the 2B11 and 2S12. It is also compatible with bombs made for the venerable 120-PM-38 mortar and for the 120-PM-43. Range can vary depending on the bomb. One of the more potent munitions is the 3OF53 HE-FRAG (High-Explosive Fragmentation) bomb. Weighing 35 pounds of which 7.6 pounds is explosive, the 3OF53 can be fired out to a maximum range of 3.5 miles. When it bursts, it creates a lethal fragmentation radius against infantry of 2,690 yards. The MP-120 can fire bombs capable of using surcharges which are supplementary propellant bags (that are horseshoe shaped) which can be added to the bomb's tail. These can extend the range with the MP-120 able to fire such bombs to a maximum range of 4.4 miles. A trained crew can fire up to 15 rounds per minute. The MP-120 also has a safety feature to prevent double loading. This consists of a mechanical interlock that prevents another bomb from being put loaded until the bomb already in the barrel is fired. Also, the MP-120 has a BAD (Blast Attenuation Device) on the muzzle which reduces the blast effects that occur during firing.

Russo-Ukrainian War: The AHS Krab 155mm SPG

Source: Ministry of Defense of Ukraine

     In all, the Ukrainian Army obtained a total of 108 examples of the vehicle shown here, the 48-ton Polish AHS Krab 155mm Self-Propelled Gun (SPG). As part of Poland's military aid to Ukraine, the country provided the first 18 vehicles which were received by the close of 2022. The remainder were obtained via purchase orders with Poland. The ArmatoHaubica Samobieżna (AHS; Self-Propelled Gun-Howitzer) Krab (meaning “Crab“ in Polish) is a joint development by the Polish company Huta Stalowa Wota (HSW), the British firm BAE Systems, and the South Korean entity Samsung Techwin. Work began on the Krab in 1997 and it finally entered production in 2016 with Polish artillery units receiving the Krab soon after.

     Samsung Techwin's contribution to the Krab is the PK9 chassis which is a variant of the chassis used by the South Korean K9 Thunder 155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer (SPH). Power comes from a MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH built MT881 Ka-500 8-cylinder, water-cooled diesel engine that develops 1,000 horsepower. This is paired to a Allison X1100-5A3 transmission with a 6-speed gearbox (4 forward, 2 reverse gears). On roads, the Krab can top out at 37 miles per hour while offroad, in favorable terrain, up to 19 miles per hour can be achieved. Enough onboard diesel fuel is carried to provide for a maximum operational range of 250 miles. The all-welded chassis uses tempered steel armor plating produced by the Australian company Bisalloy with a maximum thickness of 19mm. This provides the approximate equivalent to STANAG 4569 Level 4 protection which means the armor is capable of withstanding up to and including 14.5x114mm API (Armor Piercing Incendiary) ammunition at a minimum distance of 200 meters as well as shrug off 155mm artillery shell fragments as close as 25 meters. Of the five man crew, only the driver sits within the hull.

     The Krab's turret is much the same as that used on the British AS-90 155mm SPH which had been designed by Vickers Shipbuilding & Engineering, a division of BAE Systems. Like the hull, the turret supports the same Bisalloy armor and offers the identical STANAG 4569 Level 4 protection for the four men within. Situated within the turret is a HSW license built 155mm L/52 gun-howitzer. The gun mount provides for up to 70 degrees of elevation and 3.5 degrees of gun depression while the turret can fully traverse 360 degrees. The gun-howitzer uses a sliding block breech and there is a power loader which permits a burst fire rate of 3 rounds in only ten seconds. For three minutes, the Krab can fire 6 rounds for each of those minutes. A sustained fire rate is 2 rounds per minute. All told, the Krab holds 29 projectiles and 28 powder charges in the turret while the hull holds an additional 11 projectiles and 20 charges. The Krab can utilize any NATO compliant 155mm projectile to include the M982 Excalibur extended range, guided projectile. The latter can attain a range of 25 miles. A typical base bleed projectile can reach a maximum range of 19 miles. The gun-howitzer enjoys the benefit of a ZZKO Topaz FCS (Fire Control System) which consists of an automatic aiming system, ballistic computer, laser rangefinder, and both commander and gunner sights interlinked into the FCS. Outside the turret, situated on top of the gun mantlet, is a MVRS-700 SCD ballistic radar to measure the velocity of shells as they leave the barrel. In case of electrical failure, the turret can be manually traversed while the gun can also be manually elevated and depressed as well as loaded by hand. Also, should the Krab find itself in dire straits, it has a gunner's sight to allow it to engage in direct fire. For anti-air and local defense, the Krab can be fitted with a pintle mounted 12.7mm heavy machine-gun on the turret top.

     Other protective systems within the Krab include an automatic fire detection/suppression system while there is a filtered ventilation system that gives a measure of crew protection against biological, chemical, and radioactive substances and agents. The Krab also utilizes the OBRA-3 SSP-1 warning and self-defense system. This consists of external sensors which detect lasers that are “painting” the Krab. Such lasers are often utilized by anti-tank missile systems. The OBRA-3 will warn the crew and designate the direction the laser is coming from. In addition, the OBRA-3 is tied into the Krab's two banks of 81mm dischargers, each bank with four launch tubes. These banks are located on the turret front, one bank on each side of the gun barrel. The OBRA-3 can be set to automatically launch smoke grenades to obscure the Krab and interfere with the laser designator or if desired, the commander can manually trigger the grenades.

     Other systems include a FONET internal communication system for the crew (made by the WB Group), a RRC 9311AP RF digital radio station, FIN 311OL land navigation system, DD-9620 terminal for providing targeting data, GPS system, day/night sights for the commander and driver, and a 5.5 kilowatt output auxiliary generator (for powering the Krab with the engine off).

     The Krab shown here belongs to Operational Strategic Group Dnipro, likely within Tactical Group Kharkiv or Tactical Group Starobilsk which are the group's two subordinate units. The crew has added metal mesh anti-drone screens to the turret, decking, and hull sides. Cutouts have been made in the frontal turret screens to accommodate the 81mm grenade launchers. The Krab looks to have kept its original Polish Army camouflage paint pattern.

     As of September 9, 2025, the visually confirmed Ukrainian AHS Krab losses stand at 41. Of these, 35 have been destroyed beyond repair with the remaining 6 having suffered damage of varying severity.